Answer:
A. [tex]\sf\bold{Covert ~observation }[/tex] is most commonly associated with a lack of informed consent because participants are not aware that they are being observed, thus unable to give informed consent.
Explanation:
- 1. Covert observation involves observing people or situations without their knowledge.
- 2. Since participants are unaware that they are being observed, they cannot provide informed consent to be part of the study.
- 3. This lack of awareness undermines the ethical principle of informed consent, which requires participants to be fully informed about the research and voluntarily agree to participate.
- = As a result, covert observation is often seen as ethically problematic and is associated with a lack of informed consent.
