Sampling variation refers to how much the value of a statistic varies across samples.
If multiple random samples are obtained from a population and a statistic is calculated based on those samples (mean, standard deviation, percentile), for each sample, we are likely to get different values due to chance.
Sampling variation is a fundamental concept in statistics and is a result of the randomness inherent in the sampling process. Even if the samples are drawn randomly and are representative of the population, the specific individuals chosen for each sample can lead to slightly different results.
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