which of the following is true of instrumentation threats? a. they can be avoided with counterbalancing. b. they occur only when using mechanical instruments (e.g., blood pressure cuffs, scales). c. they are only problematic in observational research. d. they are the same as testing threats.

Respuesta :

The correct option is a. Instrumentation threats of internal validity can be avoided with counterbalancing.

Instrumentation is one kind of danger to internal validity. This threat relates to the study's instrumentation, which could jeopardize the study's internal validity. The instrumentation effect can happen in a number of different ways. One method is through a process known as instrument deterioration. Over time, the way the instrument is used to administrate changes. The subjects' attitude toward the instrument poses a third kind of hazard to a study's instrumentation. Test-taking tiredness among students may be a contributing factor in this. This can be prevented by counterbalancing.

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