After Mexico gained independence, the United States posed the greatest threat to Mexican control of Texas.
The Mexican-American War, which lasted from 1846 to 1848, was the first time the United States fought a war on foreign soil. It pitted a politically divided and militarily unprepared Mexico against President James K. Polk's expansionist administration, which believed the US had "Manifest Destiny" to spread across the continent to the Pacific Ocean.
The fighting began with a border skirmish along the Rio Grande, which was followed by a string of American victories. Mexico had lost roughly one-third of its territory, including nearly all of present-day California, Utah, Nevada, Arizona, and New Mexico. In 1836, Texas declared its independence from Mexico.
Initially, the United States refused to admit it to the union, owing to northern political concerns about the addition of a new slave-supporting state. The Mexican government was also encouraging border raids and threatening war if annexation was attempted.
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