The four layers of the wall of the alimentary canal which contract to move material through the canal are: serosa, muscularis, sub mucosa, and mucosa.
Serosa is the outmost layer and is composed of a thin mesothelium as well as connective tissue.
Muscularis is made up of smooth muscles normally organized into an inner circular as well as an outer longitudinal layer.
Sub-mucosa layer is composed of loose connective tissues which contain nerves, blood and also lymph vessels. Glands are also found in sub-mucosa of duodenum.
Mucosa is the innermost layer lining the lumen of the alimentary canal. Mucosa creates uneven folds or 'rugae' in the stomach as well as villi in the small intestine.
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