It is estimated that, around 11th century, Al-Bakri, had reported the accounts of Arab and North African Berber settlements in West-Africa.
This is considered that, Islam had facilitated the long distance trade by providing useful sets of tools to merchants which includes, contract law, credit, and information networks.
In Ghana many Muslim merchant-scholars had played an important role by taking positions of advisors to the king and as scribes, as they were equipped with skillful script writing techniques.
Muslim states emerged in 13th century in Sahel, as the contact between Muslims and Africans increased, and African monarchs allowed Muslims to settle and propagate their practices in Africa.
Accounts dated back to 11th century had mentioned about a Muslim state called as Takur, settled in the middle of the Senegal valley in west africa.
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