Tanner (2006) developed a four-step model that describes the major phases of clinical judgment (noticing, interpreting, responding, and reflecting) for use in rapidly changing clinical situations. Thus, Assessing is not included in this model.
Because of the similarities between nursing and counseling practice, Tanner's (2006) model can serve as a framework for how counselors apply professional reasoning in one-on-one counseling situations. Tanner's model is based on the assumption that clinical judgment is significantly influenced by the context the nurse has already experienced. A narrative is constructed at the moment with reference to previous experience with the current patient and with similar patients, academic knowledge, and the nurse's own perceptions, biases, and experiences.
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