Swollen and bowed shin bones (tibia) and cranial cavitations are often caused by diseases called treponematoses.
Treponematosis, also known as treponemiasis, traditionally refers to the group of nonvenereal diseases (including endemic syphilis [nonvenereal syphilis]) caused by Treponema species that are morphologically and serologically identical to each other and to Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum, the cause of venereal syphilis.
DNA from T pallidum subspecies pallidum is at least 99% homologous to that of T pallidum subspecies pertenue and T pallidum subspecies endemicum. However, they differ in terms of clinical manifestations.
Treponema species typically associated with nonvenereal disease are transmitted among children living in tropical, subtropical, or warm arid climates, chiefly by direct contact. In humans, the pathogenic treponemes include T pallidum pallidum (syphilis), Treponema pallidum pertenue (yaws), Treponema pallidum endemicum (bejel or endemic syphilis), and Treponema carateum (pinta)
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