Richards examines the trade from the point of view of the Native Americans, who were exploited and died as a result of the outbreak of diseases; Nunn and Qian, on the other hand, examine it from the point of view of the Old World's ability to advance technologically by making use of the things that were discovered in the New World.
This is further explained below.
Generally, Christopher Columbus was responsible for the spread of illness, horses, and sugar plantations to the New World. At the same time, he was instrumental in the spread of New World goods such as sugar, tobacco, chocolate, and potatoes to the Old World. The Columbian Exchange is the name given to the process by which goods, people, and illnesses were transported over the Atlantic Ocean.
In conclusion, Richards looks at the trade from the perspective of Native Americans, who were exploited and died as a consequence of the illnesses breakout, whereas Nunn and Qian view it as a way for the Old World to advance technologically by using the items of the New World.
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