Living in large industrial cities, people interact on the basis of self-interest. this type of social organization reflects what tonnes referred to as Gesellschaft.
The German sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies utilized the categories of Gemeinschaft, which are typically translated as "community and society," to divide social connections into two dichotomous sociological forms that characterize one another.
In addition to writing extensively about the connection between Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft, Max Weber, a pioneer in sociology, also addressed this issue. Tönnies was the target of a letter from Weber.
Tönnies engaged Émile Durkheim in a frank debate after presenting his interpretation of the Gemeinschaft-Gesellschaft dichotomy. Durkheim criticized Tönnies for considering the second type of social organization artificial and for not elaborating on the transition from one type to the other in his review of Tönnies's book published in 1889.
He interpreted Gesellschaft as having organic solidarity while Gemeinschaft had mechanical solidarity.
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