The Earths system operates on a variety of scales, from fractions of millimetres to thousands of kilometres, and through a range of time scales
The application of systems science to the Earth is known as Earth system science (ESS). The interactions and "feedbacks" between the Earth's subsystems' cycles, processes, and "spheres"—the atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, geosphere, pedosphere, lithosphere, biosphere, and even the magnetosphere—as well as the influence of human societies on these elements are specifically taken into account.
Earth system science, at its broadest level, brings together scientists from the natural and social sciences, including those that specialize in ecology, economics, geography, geology, glaciology, meteorology, oceanography, climatology, paleontology, sociology, and space science. Earth system science adopts a holistic perspective of the dynamic interaction between the Earth's spheres and their numerous constituent subsystems, fluxes, and processes, as well as the resulting spatial organization and time evolution of these. This is similar to the broader field of systems science.
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