b) a new highway is built, separating members of a species.
Speciation is the process by which new plant or animal species are developed. When a group within a species separates from other members of its species and evolves its own special traits, this is known as speciation.
In eukaryotic species, the processes of genetic separation (the division of one gene pool into two or more distinct gene pools) and phenotypic differentiation (the diversification of a population's range of observable physical traits) are both crucial to speciation. There are various theories on how speciation begins, and they diverge mostly in how geographic isolation and the origin of reproductive isolation are accounted for.
Allopatric speciation
Populations that are totally divided (allopatry) by a natural barrier, such as a mountain range, river, or desert, most frequently experience geographic isolation. The two distinct populations have evolved to fit their distinct surroundings, and as a result, they have genetically diverged to the point where they cannot interbreed.
Sympatric speciation
In sympatric speciation, geographic isolation is not present; reproductive isolation takes place within a single population. Reproductive isolation typically occurs when populations are physically separated.
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