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Modern methods of massively parallel sequencing include devices for detecting fluorescence or visible light as each nucleotide is incorporated during synthesis.
Each nucleotide is marked with fluorescent dye, and a some traces of fluorescent intensities helps identify sequences.
What is nucleotide?
- Nucleotides are organic compounds made up of a phosphate and a nucleoside.
- They function as monomeric units of the key macromolecules found in all living forms on Earth, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and ribonucleic acid (RNA), which are both nucleic acid polymers. In addition to being produced by the liver from common nutrients, nucleotides can also be received through diet.
- A nucleobase, a five-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and a phosphate group made up of one to three phosphates are the three component molecules that make up a nucleotide. Guanine, adenine, cytosine, and thymine are the four nucleobases found in DNA; uracil is used in place of thymine in RNA.
- On a fundamental, biological level, nucleotides are also essential to metabolism. They supply chemical energy throughout the cell in the form of the nucleoside triphosphates adenosine triphosphate (ATP), guanosine triphosphate (GTP), cytidine triphosphate (CTP), and uridine triphosphate (UTP).
- These are necessary for the synthesis of amino acids, proteins, and cell membranes as well as for moving the cell and its components (both internally and between cells), cell division, and other cellular processes.
- Nucleotides are also key cofactors in enzyme activities and take role in cell signaling (cyclic guanosine monophosphate, or cGMP, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate, or cAMP).
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