The practice which allowed to charge a portion of the company's cost during its useful life against the profits its generates is known as depreciation.
Depreciation refers to the reduction of the recorded cost of a fixed asset in a systematic manner because of factors like use, wear, tear, obsolescence etc.
The depreciation of the Fixed asset is accounted for in financial accounting by charging the portion of the company's cost during its useful life against the profits its generates.
In conclusion, the practice described in the question is known as depreciation.
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