Given what we know about the protein composition of hair, the protein in shampoo cannot replace the protein in damaged hair due to the fact that it would not be giving the cells the raw material needed to create the protein.
In the human body, along with all other living things, proteins are created from amino acids. The genetic code is read using a strand of messenger RNA called mRNA. Then, a transfer version of this known as tRNA brings the corresponding amino acid based on the genetic code found in the message. These amino acids are then chained together to form proteins.
The protein in shampoo cannot replace the protein in damaged hair because cells do not use entire proteins as a substrate, they use amino acids to create proteins. This may seem counterintuitive, but there are very good biological mechanisms behind it. In order for a shampoo to fix damaged hair, it must contain the amino acids necessary to re-create the lost proteins.
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