Answer:
In that case, you added a spurious correlation to the study.
Explanation:
A spurious correlation occurs when a study presents a relationship between two variables without any theoretical meaning, that is, without causal relationships between the two variables. It is possible to see a case of spurious correlation in the question above. This is because, after the study reported a causal relationship between smoking and having high grades in college, one individual determined that these two variables have no causality, that is, they have no theoretical meaning.
The study is not conducted in the right direction or manner so that's why it leads to false results.
If I accept that smoking does not cause loss of brain cells or study less, I would probably conclude that the study is based on theory and not valid at all because may be the findings that the researcher gains due to some other reasons and smoking is not the cause.
May be the cause should be genetically or some type of disease in that individual so we can conclude that the study is not conducted in the right direction or manner so that's why it leads to false results.
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