PLEASE HELP
Which of the following FOUR items are considered necessary factors for natural selection and/or evolution?

A Competition for limited resources

B Genetic drift of a small population

C Geological events such as volcanoes, earthquakes, or asteroid strikes

D The proliferation of organisms better able to survive (surviving organisms reproduce)

E Mass extinction events like the extinction of the dinosaurs

F The potential for a species to increase in number

G Genes can be passed on from generation to generation Plasmid transfer from one bacterium to another

Natural selection is an evolutive force that favors beneficial alleles and mutations. It is closely related to environmental modeling factors. The genotype with better fitness gets to survive and spread. Options: A, D, F, G

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Let us review some aspects about natural selection.

NATURAL SELECTION

Natural selection, as an evolutive force, selects beneficial alleles and increases their frequency in the population.

It is the result of the phenotype-environment interaction which determines gene destiny in space and time.

It is the differential capability of individuals to leave offspring.

NATURAL SELECTION and APTITUDE

Natural selection results in adaptation, which means the increase of the aptitude phenotype.

Aptitude (or fitness) is reflected by the phenotype that results in the survival, fertility, and capability of having a mate.

Aptitude refers to the contribution of each genotype to the next generation. It is a way of measuring the individual ability to leave fertile offspring.

Aptitude must be significant to the natural selection act in its favor.

Natural selection can act favoring an allele or against it, according to how it affects the fitness of individuals.

NATURAL SELECTION and ENVIRONMENT

In many cases adaptations, resulting from natural selection can be correlated to environmental factors or selective pressures applied by other organisms or habitats.

The selective agent is the environmental trait or organism that determines the differential survival of the phenotypic classes.

The environment influences the probability that each genotype passes its gametes to the next generation.

NATURAL SELECTION AND MUTATIONS

Let us remember that a mutation is a change or alteration in DNI sequences that introduce new variants.

Many of these are eliminated, but some of them might succeed and be incorporated into each individual's genotype.

These fixated mutations are the ones that have been selected by natural selection.

Now, let us analyze the options

A) Competition for limited resources. YES.

By competing, a genotype can reflect its fitness or aptitude over the other genotype.

B) Genetic drift of a small population. NO.

Genetic drift is another evolutive force.

C) Geological events such as volcanoes, earthquakes, or asteroid strikes. NO.

Even when they might be acting as modeling environmental factors, their effects can be so severe that might not lead evolution to occur.

D) The proliferation of organisms better able to survive (surviving organisms reproduce). YES.

It refers to the fitness. Only individuals best adapted and with a better fitness will spread their gametes.

E) Mass extinction events like the extinction of the dinosaurs. NO.

The effects are so severe that might not lead evolution to occur.

F) The potential for a species to increase in number. YES.

It refers to the capability of the species and genotype to reproduce and leave fertile offspring.

G) Genes can be passed on from generation to generation. Plasmid transfer from one bacterium to another. YES.

The selected alleles pass from one generation to the other one. The favored genotype spreads.

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