The correct answer is C) they produced important advances in mathematics, science, and medicine.
The other options of the question were A) they spread Islamic culture through only nonviolent means and refused to maintain a military. B) They limited scientific research, as it conflicted with Quran teachings. D) they created a vast empire and forced their subjects to become Muslims.
The statement that best describes Islamic empires during the postclassical period is "they produced important advances in mathematics, science, and medicine."
In the post-classic era, the spread of Islam reached faraway places. From the Arabian peninsula, Islam spread to North Africa, Asia, and the Iberian peninsula, due to conquest, religious missions, and trade. This happened from 600 CE to 1450 CE. During the 12th century, Muslims had many advances in science, trade, medicine, mathematics, art, culture, in what is considered to be a Golden Age of Islam.
