46) all cell cycle checkpoints are similar in which way?; a) they respond to the same cyclins.; b) they utilize the same cdks.; c) they give the go-ahead signal to progress to the next checkpoint.; d) they each have only one cyclin/cdk complex.; e) they activate or inactivate other proteins.

During a typical cell cycle, the control system is regulated by lag factors that can slow down the cycle at certain points called checkpoints.

At these checkpoints, feedback signals containing information about subordinate processes can momentarily stop the progress of the cycle, preventing the start of the next process before the previous one has finished.

Checkpoint G1, at this point the cell's control system will start the process that starts the S phase.

The system will evaluate the integrity of the DNA (that is not damaged), the presence of nutrients in the environment and the cell size, here the signals that stop the cycle act.

Checkpoint G2, where the process that starts phase M starts up.

The control system will verify that the DNA duplication is complete (that it is not damaged), that the environment is favorable and that the cell is large enough to divide.

Metaphase or Spindle checkpoint, checks if chromosomes are properly aligned in the metaphase plane before entering anaphase.

This checkpoint protects against loss or gain of chromosomes, being controlled by the activation of the anaphase promoter complex (APC).

The checkpoint G1 and G2 verify the integrity of the DNA, in the presence of damaged DNA a signal is generated that delays the entry into M phase.

Therefore, we can conclude that all cell cycle checkpoints are similar in the way they give the go-ahead signal to progress to the next checkpoint.

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