In which of the following ways did African states, such as the Transvaal, contribute to the emergence of a global economy?

a)By creating local industrial hubs that manufactured raw materials for colonial governments in Europe

b)By providing colonial governments with the raw materials needed to sustain industrialization in Europe

c)By establishing wealthy empires that dominated seafaring trade networks connecting Europe with East Asian markets

d)By encouraging colonial governments to adopt local shipping innovations that helped them reach wider markets in India

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