The correct answer is :
e. Succession is affected only by biotic factors.
Succession is affected by both biotic and abiotic factors.
Ecological succession is the process by which an ecosystem develops a different structure of the resident species, over a period of time.
The factors implicated in ecological succession can be either biotic or abiotic. Biotic factors refer to those that involve life and its features. Abiotic factors are those that affect aspects external to life, although still indirectly involved, such as climate.
