Proportional representation systems encourage the formation of smaller parties by enabling parties
a. to receive campaign funds from the government in proportion to their support in opinion polls.
b. win legislative seats even though they do not receive a majority of votes in elections.
c. advertise on television.
d. share in patronage appointments, which serve as an incentive to lure campaign workers.
e. win legislative seats by lottery for parties that have no chance of winning majority support.