Answer:
The election of Bishops by rulers and noble men
Explanation:
The Western Roman Empire in the 5th century collapsed and that brought about changes in Germanic Successor states, who rightly ignored the pope in Rome whenever they need guidance. Noble men and kings were the ones who founded churches and abbeys. They shunned the cannon law provisions that only allows the election of the bishops to come from fellow clergy. Bishops and Abbots were installed by kings in a ceremony called the investiture. The elected bishops helped the kings in payment of fees, hospitality, military support and other things required of them.
Pope Gregory VII accepted the investiture by lay people when he took office as pope but he fell out with King Henry IV because the king did not obey the commands of the pope. King Henry IV, and the German and Northern Bishops came out openly to renounce their allegiance to the king, asking him to leave office. The pope excommunicated the king and banned investiture by lay people and kings. King Henry brought an Antipope while the German people brought an antiking and war started in Germany afterwards that lasted for fifty years.
Pope Callixtus II and Emperor Henry V agreed on the Concordat of Worms, which settled the conflicts and that was a victory for the pope, but the Emperor still retained considerable power.
