Answer:
The answers are:
4. A theory is a tested, proven and substantiated hypothesis.
5. Peer review establishes the credibility of a scientific publication.
Explanation:
(4)
Hypothesis:
A hypothesis is a suggested explanation of a particular observation. It can also be defined as a potential explanation of an observable cause-effect relation. Generally, a hypothesis applies as "if-then" logic. This means that a scientist makes a prediction that changing a certain variable (independent variable) will consequently effect a response or dependent variable.
Theory:
A hypothesis that has been tried, tested and substantiated to be the explanation of a particular scientific phenomena is termed a theory. A theory, by definition is concise, coherent and widely applicable i.e. it can be applied to explain diverse phenomena.
Hypothesis and theory can both be refuted. A theory or hypothesis can be disproved by repeated experimentation that would eventually conclude whether the cause-effect relation (hypothesis) exists between the variables.
An example of a theory being discarded is the experiment that disproved the theory of spontaneous generation. Louis Pasteur disproved spontaneous generation by proving that broth in a closed flask cannot generate life. But, meat broth in an open flask cultivates life because bacteria enter the flask through the air.
Peer Review:
Peer review is the process of review or evaluation of scientific and academic publication by a board of experts on the specific field. Peer review helps is maintaining the standard, credibility and quality of the academic or scientific work.
