Answer: A. Secularism
Explanation: City-state of Venice is a medieval creation, after the fall of the Roman Empire. It was known for its nobility and a completely different, liberal way of life, trade, various businesses. Venice was ruled by the Doge, chosen by the members of the Great Venetian Council. This was certainly a secular state, although the Church was nominally present. The fact that during the Crusades, Venice did not send its knights to a holy war.
