The nurse is teaching the patient and family about possible causative factors for peptic ulcers. The nurse explains that ulcer formation is:
a. caused by a stressful lifestyle and other acid producing factors such as
b. inherited within families and reinforced by bacterial spread of staph aureus in childhood
c. promoted by factors that tend to cause oversecretion of acid such as excess dietary fats, smoking and
d. promoted by a combination of possible factors that may result in erosion of the gastric mucosa, including certain drugs and alcohol