When Stephanie took out a one-year fixed-rate loan, she expected to pay a real interest rate of 3 percent. At the end of the year, the real interest rate had fallen to 2 percent. Which of the following could have caused the decrease in the real interest rate? (A) There was an increase in the nominal interest rate. (B) There was a decrease in the nominal interest rate. (C) There was a decrease in the money supply. (D) The actual inflation rate was greater than the expected inflation rate. (E) The actual inflation rate was less than the expected inflation rate.