1. What is the larger historical context of James Michael Cavanaugh's speech? What is going on in the United States at the time
that he is responding to?
2. What is Cavanaugh's perspective as the creator of the speech he gave to Congress? How does his background shape his
argument in this speech?
3. Who is Chief Joseph trying to appeal to? How does he try to appeal to his audience?
4. What is Chief Joseph's main argument in his speech?